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A 2 m steel bar with A = 400 mm² carries an axial load of 50 kN. The normal stress is \(\sigma = F/A = 50\,000 / 400 = 125\,\text{MPa}\).
The normal stress acts perpendicular to the cut section.
Draw the free-body diagram first, then write the equilibrium equations.
\(\sigma = F/A\) gives the average stress; it is not valid near holes, notches or the load application point.
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